The brief.

In this assignment, we identified a figure on Twitter, tweeting about educational theory. We needed to situate the theoretician within the topics they discuss, the conversations they have, and within the medium of Twitter to understand how Twitter re-mediates the educational theory. In other words, what affordances and limitations does the medium of Twitter cast over educational theory-making?

~30 Tweets

~1000-1200 words

The Twitterer.

Rikke Toft Norgard (@RikkeToftN) is an associate professor in Educational Design and Technology at the Danish School of Education at Aarhus University whose interests are in the design and future of higher education (Aarhus University, n.d.). I chose to focus on her and her Twitter feed because I wanted to explore Tweets that aimed to use theory to forward change in teaching and learning in higher education and a feed that included a mix of the types of affordances available on Twitter.

The “theory”.

Norgard, like most educational theorists, straddles a line between theory, pedagogy, practice, and arguably, culture. She also represents a good example of the divisional blurring between education and other disciplines. Touching on design, speculative futures, psychology, politics, among other disciplines, her feed is a mix of ideas that are not purely education-related though they are seen and conveyed through that lens. This is not always evident in the original words of Norgard’s tweets but is present in her retweets and promotional content. The nature of the tweets is split between original tweets (21%), retweets (39.5% and replies (39.5%) (Socialbearing, 2022).

In this medium, ‘theorizing’ is being mitigated perhaps by Twitter but maybe also by academic Twitter in particular. There is a convention in academia that “academic Twitter” is used during conferences to share updates from conference sessions, to share photos of the poster sessions, and to tag posts with conference-specific tags in order to engage with other Twitter users at the same event (Kaseda, 2020). Another common convention is using Twitter for publication promotion. In this case, Norgard’s original tweets were often promotional in nature from conference promotion to new publications and other academic work.

If we think about this use of Twitter, it appears that the way it, or the academic community employing it, mediates educational theory is by nearly avoiding it. Instead, rather than theoretical discussions, we see theoreticians like Norgard using Twitter almost as a conduit between their academic activities outside of Twitter and their audience, rather than their philosophical ideas. In order to get at the thinking, one needs to click on the tweet promoting the activity and move through Twitter to other platforms to view richer content. Norgard uses Twitter to post links to her content hosted on Google Drive (conference slide decks!), webinar registration pages on external sites, and to other social media sites like Linked In (these resources are often open, as well).

Transcript: “This approach really underlines if we are to do anything with technology it has to be value-based, it has to be driven by pedagogical visions, and it has to be based on human worth.”

Retweet of a clip of Toft giving a talk, by @lllplatform.

English translation: I still don't understand why we need grades in elementary school? what are we going to use them for? What will the children use them for? what does it have to do with the purpose of the public school? What about the good childhood life?

Example tweets:

Example promotional content:

English translation: If you (or colleagues) are interested in teaching in higher education, playful approaches, would like to be inspired to think (with) about future education and/or just want to have the opportunity to…https://lnkd.in/e9bWjMm9

Norgard is also consistently promoting collaborations between herself and other academics, as well as the work of organizations she is a part of such as the Philosophy and Theory of Higher Education Society.

English translation: Can it really be that nothing substantial or fundamental has been written about what is characteristic of 'Nordic pedagogy/teaching' (in general or in relation to young people/adults)? That is, which educational values, approaches, views and practices are...

Example linked tweet:

Example retweet:

The topics.

The following chart shows the data extracted from Norgard’s Twitter feed. First, I extracted the first 30 tweets from her feed, regardless of length, topic, or language. Any tweets in Danish were translated into English using Google Translate, then read through for accuracy before being included in the data. I then ran a word frequency analysis by using a free online tool called Text Analyzer by Online Utility. Link here. I then manually excluded any prepositions, conjunctions, linkers, verbs, and pronouns to isolate the content nouns that would represent the most frequent topics Norgard tweeted about in the sample. I chose the top ten of these as a sub-set of that sample. The analysis yielded what one might have expected given Norgard’s research interests. The chart below shows the frequency of content noun use from November 8, 2022 to December 1st, 2022, the time in which Norgard tweeted her most recent 30 tweets.

It should also be noted that the topics cycle based on conference and talk tweets, timely publication tweets and other like events. They follow the vein of Norgard’s scholarship but weave in and out of her Twitter discourse based on real-world events. To demonstrate this cycling, I conducted the same analysis in exactly the same way on the next batch of 30 tweets. These tweets were published between September 29, 2022 and November 8, 2022. Of course, there are some consistencies like the frequency in the use of the term ‘education’ and ‘university’. But there are also key differences such as the appearance of ‘Denmark’, ‘master’s’, ‘year’, and ‘politician’. These coincide with the real-world events of the 2022 Danish general election, and a proposed policy change in the length of time taken to complete a master’s at Aarhus.

Frequency of appearance : Content nouns between Nov. 8, 2022 and Dec 1, 2022

Frequency of appearance : Content nouns between Sept. 29, 2022 and Dec 1, 2022

The followers and the followed.

1,848 Following 2,485 Followers

Norgard follows and is followed by her peers. Her most frequent @s are those she attends conferences with and those who she co-publishes with. Examples are Dr. Bart Rienties a professor of learning analytics at Open University, and Gula Kurtz an online learning expert, who both shared a panel with Norgard at #oeb22 (or, Online Educa Berlin Global 2022 conference). Another example is Marianne Huang, a co-writer with Norgard on a newly-published book chapter (both below). Norgard is reasonably active on Twitter with 392 Tweets in the last year (365 days) (Socialbearing, 2022). Yet, her reach was only 2,655 people (Socialbearing, 2022). Potentially, due to the nature of academic Twitter, and that the tweets posted are related to specific events and publications more than they are related to actual content, reach is being limited to those Norgard directly or indirectly interacts with in other ways as opposed to strangers on the Internet. Note that Norgard’s reach is only slightly higher than her total number of followers. Her Twitter activity seems strongly related to her off-Twitter relationships and activities.

A visual summary.

The graphics below demonstrate the difference between how McLuhan might see Norgard’s Twitter feed and how Latour might see her Twitter feed. There is value in looking at it from both perspectives as I think what Twitter tries to do for academic silos is to break them down. For Norgard, using either framework, we can see that this is not occurring to the extent that it could. In McLuhan’s media ecology framework, her activity is reflecting her physical activity and networks outside of Twitter and with the reduction in meaningful conversational transactions, Twitter might be reversing its communicative affordances (Levinson, 1977; McLuhan, 1977). If we consider Latour (1996), it’s not apparent how many matters of concern are brought up on Norgard’s Twitter feed given the actants depicted below, but it is interesting that her network appears to be very localized to like-practitioners.

In short, we see similar patterns using both theories but one qualifies Norgard’s experiences as Twitter reversing its intended effect (somewhat deterministic), while the other allows her activity on Twitter to just be, for us to look at without necessarily worrying about what it’s meant to be doing so we can notice how the actants relate to each other and how the platform takes on and prescribes tasks. In this case, in a localized network of familiar academic tasks and connections, Twitter still highlights collaboration between like academics that might not have been able to share their work or collaborate as easily, were they not for example, at the same conference, at the same time and met each other.

In the end, I’m not convinced that Twitter does much for academic theorizing in education, at least not in this case and as the term theorizing impresses. In terms of idea generation, or discussion, it is weak in both. It does, however, do a fine job in enabling discussion around practice. That’s where we find the theory in Norgard’s feed. It is underpinning her activities as a practitioner as she disseminates ideas in other fora. Viewing educational theory through Twitter necessarily minimizes those ideas due to its format and then Norgard creates a set of linked conduits to allow for its re-expansion. Last, in a field where collaboration among faculty is difficult to cultivate, localized networks on Twitter can foster that activity effectively.

References.

Aarhus University. (n.d). Danish School of Education: Rikke Toft Norgard. Staff. Retrieved October 2, 2022, from https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/rikke-toft-noergaard(7ea51688-948e-4f12-b171-c78e1a649b8c).html

Kaseda, E. (May, 2020). From the science student council: #AcademicTwitter. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2020/05/academic-twitter#:~:text=Some%20academics%20opt%20for%20anonymous,as%20humor%20or%20political%20opinions.

Latour, B. (1996). On actor-network theory: A few clarifications. Soziale Welt, 47, 369-38.

Levinson, P. (1977). Preface to Marshall McLuhan’s ‘Laws of the Media'. et cetera, 34(2), 173-174.

McLuhan, M. (1977). Laws of the media. et cetera, 34(2), 175-178.

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Sept 1). Jeg forstår stadig ikke hvorfor vi har brug for karakterer i folkeskolen? hvad skal vi bruge dem til? hvad skal børnene[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1565407847822856192

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Sept 8). It was such inspiring event & crowd - looking forward to the discussion of 'slow academia' in the online club meets[Tweet with linked tweet & thumbnail]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1567966971337261056

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Sept 12). Hvis I (eller kollegaer) gerne er interesserede i undervisning på de videregående uddannelser, legende tilgange, gerne vil inspireres til at tænke (med)[Tweet with publication thumbnail]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1569231451228446721

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Sept 16). Come share your thoughts on the future role of technology in higher education - how do we design for and practice higher education futures[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1570791784242114560

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Sept 21). "Technology has to be driven by pedagogical vision!" We couldn't agree more with @RikkeToftN and look forward to hearing more at @EdutechEurope[Retweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/lllplatform/status/1572605866548908034

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Oct 20). Kan det virkelig passe der ikke er skrevet noget substantielt eller grundlæggende om hvad der er kendetegnende for 'nordisk pædagogik/undervisning'[Tweet; thumbnail link to Linked In]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1583150055531646977

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Nov 8). New book chapter 'fresh from the platter' (as the saying goes in Danish): "Digital Humanities and Hybrid Education: Higher Education[Tweet; thumbnail link to chapter]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1590058685862141955

Norgard, R. T. [@RikkeToftN]. (2022, Dec 2). Last week I had the great honor & pleasure of being invited to keynote at OEB Global Conference[Tweet; thumbnail link to chapter]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RikkeToftN/status/1598629632919883777

Online-utility.org. (n.d.). Text analyzer. Retrieved December 4, 2022, from https://www.online-utility.org/text/analyzer.jsp

Socialbearing (2022). User search & analytics for ‘@RikkeToftN’. Socialbearing. Retrieved December 4, 2022 from https://socialbearing.com/search/user/RikkeToftN. R

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